Hongi hika biography template

New Zealand Māori chief

Not enhance be confused with Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c.&#; – 6 Pace ) was a New Seeland Māori rangatira (chief) and battle leader of the iwi forged Ngāpuhi. He was a decisive figure in the early time of regular European contact stand for settlement in New Zealand.

Monkey one of the first Māori leaders to understand the negligible of European muskets in battle, he used European weapons interruption overrun much of northern Original Zealand in the early ordinal century Musket Wars.

He was however not only known compel his military prowess; Hongi Hika encouraged Pākehā (European) settlement, codify mutually beneficial relationships with Contemporary Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture and helped put the Māori language get trapped in writing.

He travelled to England and met King George IV. His military campaigns, along disagree with the other Musket Wars, were one of the most perceptible motivators for the British incorporation of New Zealand and for children Treaty of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and many other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: –

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe befit a powerful family of say publicly Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His indigenous was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman.

She was the next wife of his father Era Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria challenging expanded Ngāpuhi's territory from righteousness Kaikohe area into the Recess of Islands area.^[3] Hongi vocal later in life that subside had been born in high-mindedness year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori (in ), and this is usually now accepted as his childbirth year,^[1] although some earlier multiplicity place his birth around ^[4]

Hongi Hika rose to prominence monkey a military leader in righteousness Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia, the uncle of Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū of Ngāti Whātua iwi imprison – In over years owing to the Māori first begun occasional contact with Europeans, firearms challenging not entered into widespread pied-а-terre.

Ngāpuhi fought with small amounts of them in , present-day Hongi was present later dump same year on the premier occasion that muskets were scruffy in action by Māori.^[1] That was at the Battle indicate Moremonui at which the Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading.

Those glue included two of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, and Hongi stall other survivors only escaped via hiding in a swamp waiting for Ngāti Whātua called off significance pursuit to avoid provoking utu.^[1]

After the death of Pokaia, Hongi became the war leader replica the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors star Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] Effect Hongi led a large taua (war party) to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou.

Despite significance defeat of Ngāpuhi at Moremonui, he recognised the potential wisdom of muskets in warfare provided they were used tactically most recent by warriors with proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans and journey at hand Australia: –

Ngāpuhi controlled the Shout of Islands, the first delegate of contact for most Europeans visiting New Zealand in goodness early 19th century.

Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and Inhabitant seamen and settlers, arguing nobleness benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, one of couple lay preachers sent by prestige Church Missionary Society to begin Christianity in New Zealand.^[7] Biochemist wrote that when he supreme met Hongi in , flair already had ten muskets admit his own, and said go off at a tangent Hongi's handling "does him disproportionate credit, since he had pollex all thumbs butte man to instruct him".^[7][8] Need other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall recorded that he was struck by the gentleness eliminate his manner and his attractiveness and mild disposition.^[9]:&#;42&#; In sure records, he was often referred to as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early European settlers.^[10]

Hongi's elder half-brother, Kāingaroa, was an vital chief, and his death razorsharp led to Hongi becoming leadership ariki of Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around that time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military adviser for him, although she went blind early in their matrimony.

He later took her last sister Tangiwhare as an extra wife. Both bore at least possible one son and daughter vulgar him. Turikatuku was his darling wife and he never traveled or fought without her. Badly timed missionary visitors in witnessed make up for devotion to him.^[11]

In Hongi shaft his nephew Ruatara, himself far-out Ngāpuhi chief, visited Sydney business partner Kendall and met the community head of the Church Evangelist Society Samuel Marsden.

Marsden was later to describe Hongi bit "a very fine character hardly ever mild in his manners ride very polite".^[7] Ruatara and Hongi invited Marsden to establish greatness first Anglican mission to Virgin Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died the following year, leave-taking Hongi as protector of primacy mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Mother missions were also established governed by his protection at Kerikeri ride Waimate North.^[1] While in Country Hongi Hika studied European force and agricultural techniques and purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]:&#;45&#;

As a solution of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, and tiara opportunities for trade increased.

Recognized was most keen to activity for muskets but the missionaries (particularly Marsden) were often reluctant to do so.^[9]:&#;59&#; This caused friction but he continued reach protect them, on the base that it was more essential to maintain a safe guard in the Bay of Islands, and in any event starkness visiting the islands were plead for so scrupulous.^[10] He was in compliance to trade for iron agrestic implements to improve productivity meticulous to grow crops, with depiction assistance of slave labour, desert could be successfully bartered put under somebody's nose muskets.^[1][7] In , Hongi unlock a war party to River where he attacked the Ngāti Maru stronghold of Te Conifer, killing 60 and taking 2, prisoners.^[14] In Hongi led give someone a jingle of two Ngāpuhi taua overwhelm East Cape and Bay appreciate Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou boss Ngaiterangi.

Some fifty villages were destroyed and the taua mutual in carrying nearly 2, captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi encouraged and assisted magnanimity first Christian missions to Pristine Zealand, but never converted lodging Christianity himself. On 4 July he granted 13, acres model land at Kerikeri to excellence Church Missionary Society in reappear for 48 felling axes,^[17] utter which became known as glory Society's Plains.^[16] He personally aided the missionaries in developing skilful written form of the Māori language.^{[18][9]:&#;44&#;} Hongi was not sidestep in seeing the relationship occur to the missionaries as one quite a lot of trade and self-interest; indeed to all intents no Māori converted to Religion for a decade.

Large proportion conversion of northern Māori nonpareil occurred after his death.^[19][20] Subside protected Thomas Kendall when sharp-tasting left his wife, taking wonderful Māori wife and participating confine Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] In subsequent life, exasperated with teachings ferryboat humility and non-violence, he declared Christianity as a religion ill humour only for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England and subsequent warfare: –

In Hongi Hika, his nephew Waikato, take Kendall travelled to England be bothered board the whaling ship New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge hoop his facial moko tattoos through him something of a impression.

During the trip he reduce King George IV who suave him with a suit sponsor armour. He was later trigger wear this in battle talk to New Zealand, causing terror amidst his opponents.^[7] In England pacify continued his linguistic work, auxiliary Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English lexicon, A Grammar and Vocabulary resolve the Language of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a polar feel to this day chimpanzee a result; for example, interpretation sound usually pronounced "f" esteem Māori is written "wh" since of Hongi's soft aspirated circumboreal dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi returned to leadership Bay of Islands on 4 July He travelled together ready to go Waikato and Kendall, aboard description Speke which was transporting convicts to New South Wales avoid from there on the Westmoreland.

He was reported to be endowed with exchanged many of the bounty he received in England guard muskets in New South Cambria, to the dismay of high-mindedness missionaries,^[12] and to have choice up several hundred muskets consider it were waiting for him. High-mindedness muskets had been ordered inured to Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at Cambridge, England.

De Theirry traded the muskets for land in the Hokianga, although De Theirry's claim command somebody to the land was later unrefuted. Hongi was able to ascension the guns without them flesh out paid for. He also borrowed a large quantity of explosive, ball ammunition, swords and daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he had erred in Australia, within months cue his return Hongi led graceful force of around 2, warriors (of whom over 1, were armed with muskets) against those of the Ngāti Pāoa dominant, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia skull Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) tie in with the Tamaki River (now Panmure).

This battle resulted in character death of Hinaki and a dose of his, if not thousands, of Ngāti Paoa men, women and children.^[4][10][26] This battle was in vengeance for a previous defeat eliminate around , in which Ngāpuhi had sustained heavy losses.^[27] Deaths in this one action close to the intertribal Musket Wars haw have outnumbered all deaths hub 25 years of the after New Zealand Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of armour depart had been gifted by Carnival George IV during this battle; it saved his life, essential to rumours of his invincibility.^[15] Hongi and his warriors misuse moved down to attack honesty Ngāti Maru pā of Washed out Tōtara, which he had at one time attacked in Hongi and queen warriors pretended to be attentive in a peace deal opinion then attacked that night decide the Ngāti Maru guard was down.

Hundreds were killed dominant a much larger number, slightly many as 2,, were captured and taken back to picture Bay of Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this battle was mud revenge for a previous surprise victory before the age of muskets, in ^[29]

In early he saddened his force up the Waikato River where, after initial go well, he was defeated by Unsullied Wherowhero, before gaining another supremacy at Orongokoekoea.

Te Wherowhero duped the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta women captives and freed them.^[4] In he made peace be introduced to the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa territory in Rotorua, having travelled up the Pongakawa River and carried their waka (each weighing between 10 current 25 tonnes) overland into Receptacle Rotoehu and Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In Hongi Hika attacked Ngāti Whātua put back, losing 70 men, including reward eldest son Hāre Hongi, con the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui.

According to at a low level accounts Ngāti Whātua lost 1, men, although Hongi Hika woman, downplaying the tragedy, put ethics number at ^[1] In numerous event the defeat was adroit catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua; probity survivors retreated south.^[5] They omitted behind the fertile region reproach Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast natural harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; territory which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won arrangement by conquest over a million years before.

Hongi Hika leftist Tāmaki Makaurau almost uninhabited restructuring a southern buffer zone. 15 years later when Lt. Control William Hobson wished to pull out his fledgling colonial administration stay away from settler and Ngāpuhi influence pointed the Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able to buy this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, straighten up settlement that has become Modern Zealand's principal city.^[30] In Hongi avenged the earlier defeat dead weight Moremonui in the battle pursuit Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final years move death: –

In Hongi Hika diseased from Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and found a new community.

In part this was appoint punish Ngāti Uru and Ngāti Pou for having harassed dignity European people at Wesleydale, nobleness Wesleyan mission at Kaeo.^[1] Repair 10 January a party blond his warriors, without his track, ransacked Wesleydale and it was abandoned.^[32]

In January , Hongi Hika was shot in the jewel box by the warrior Maratea via a minor engagement in blue blood the gentry Hokianga.^[5] On his return face Whangaroa a few days afterward he found that his better half Turikatuku had died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and take care of times it was thought lose one\'s train of thought he might survive the injury; he continued to plan instruct the future by inviting missionaries to stay at Whangaroa, mentation a Waikato expedition and schemed to capture the anchorage level Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him to listen space the wind whistle through fulfil lungs and some claimed behold have been able to cabaret completely through him.

He deadly of an infection on 6 March at Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by five of jurisdiction children, and his final means place was a closely on the qui vive secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears mention be a turning point bear Māori society. In contrast decide the traditional conduct that followed the death of an lid rangatira (chief), no attack was made by neighbouring tribes gross way of muru (attack thought in respect of the death)^[35] of Hongi Hika.^[33] There was an initial concern among excellence settlers under his protection lose one\'s train of thought they might be attacked make something stand out his death, but nothing came of that.

The Wesleyan office at Whangaroa was however disestablished and moved to Māngungu in effect Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous credit of Hongi Hika in A History of the War budget the North of New Island Against the Chief Heke. Jurisdiction account said that Hongi warned on his deathbed that, granting "red coat" soldiers should terra firma in Aotearoa, "when you inspect them make war against them".^[37][38]James Stack, Wesleyan missionary at Whangaroa, recorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 Tread , in which it was said that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers to oppose realize any force that came antithetical them and that his parched athirst words were "No matter disseminate what quarter your enemies arrive, let their number be devious so great, should they show up there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – tweak brave, be brave!

Thus decision you revenge my death, added thus only do I involve to be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika critique remembered as a warrior near leader during the Musket Wars. Some historians have attributed Hongi Hika's military success to authority acquisition of muskets, comparing fillet military skills poorly with description other major Māori war head of the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] while others have said crystal-clear should be given credit be thinking of being a talented general.^[36] Check any event, he had ethics foresight and persistence to obtain European weapons and evolve influence design of the Māori battle pā and Māori warfare tactics; this evolution was a seedy surprise to British and citizens forces in later years at near Hone Heke's Rebellion in – Hongi Hika's campaigns caused communal upheaval, but he also challenging influence through his encouragement splash early European settlement, agricultural improvements and the development of skilful written version of the Māori language.

Hongi Hika's actions contrasting the balance of power shed tears only in the Waitemata on the contrary also the Bay of Quota, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato to an unprecedented extent, good turn caused significant redistribution of population.^[1] Other northern tribes armed actually with muskets for self-defence person in charge then used those to mugging and overrun southern tribes.^[15] Though Hongi did not usually overrun conquered territory, his campaigns captain those of other musket warriors triggered a series of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th 100 would complicate disputes over disarray sales in the Waitangi Saloon, for example Ngāti Whātua's employment of Bastion Point in –^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted to dishonourable any form of long-term management over iwi he conquered tell off rarely attempted to permanently settle territory.

It is likely her highness aims were opportunistic, based throw a spanner in the works increasing his mana as clean warrior. He is said used to have stated during his drop in on to England, "There is unique one king in England, near shall be only one scheme in New Zealand", but postulate he had ambitions of applicable a Māori king, they were never realised.^[42] In Māori needed a national identity, seeing individual as belonging to separate iwi.

It would be 30 geezerhood before Waikato iwi recognised uncut Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who had built his mana policing the Waikato against Hongi Hika in the s.^[43]

His second essence, Hāre Hongi Hika (having hard at it his older brother's name stern the latter's death in ), was a signatory in look after the Declaration of the Liberty of New Zealand.

He became a prominent leader after empress father's death and was creep of only six rangatira close sign the declaration by poetry his name, rather than foundation a tohu (mark). He was later to be a prominient figure in Māori struggles sort sovereignty in the nineteenth c and was instrumental in integrity opening of Te Tii Waitangi Marae in He died doubtful , aged in his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's daughter Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke draw off the Kerikeri chapel on 30 March She had inherited safe father's confidence and drive, advocate brought her own mana relax the relationship.

She had flybynight for some years with description family of Charlotte Kemp person in charge her husband James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a contention party against the Te Arawa iwi in a music telecasting for New Zealand thrash conductor band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Rev. John (). Barton, R.J. (ed.). Earliest New Zealand: Loftiness Journals and Correspondence of position Rev. John Butler. Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 December
• Davis, Rev.

  Richard (). Coleman, John Noble (ed.). A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis: for Thirty-Nine Years grand Missionary in New Zealand. London: James Nisbet & Co. Retrieved 20 December

• Earle, Augustus (). A Narrative of Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand pimple . London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman.

  Retrieved 20 December

• Nicholas, John Liddiard (). Narrative of a Journey to New Zealand, Performed constant worry the Years and in Gang with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Volume I. London: James Swarthy & Son. Retrieved 20 Dec
• Nicholas, John Liddiard (). Narrative of a Voyage to Another Zealand, Performed in the Life and in Company with integrity Rev.

  Samuel Marsden, Volume 2. London: James Black & Hug. Retrieved 20 December

External links