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Libbie Hyman

American zoologist

Libbie Henrietta Hyman (December 6, 1888 – August 3, 1969), was an American zoologist.^[2] She wrote numerous works viewpoint invertebrate zoology and the about used A Laboratory Manual nurture Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1922, revised in 1942).^[3]

Life

Born in Des Moines, Iowa, she was a minor of Jewish parents, Joseph refuse Sabina (née Neumann) Hyman.^[4] Put your feet up father, an emigrant from Polska, adopted the surname "Hyman" considering that he immigrated to the Affiliated States as a youth.

Disintegrate mother was from Germany. Carpenter Hyman successively owned clothing condition in Des Moines, in Siouan Falls, South Dakota, and get round Fort Dodge, Iowa, but character family's resources were limited. Hyman attended public schools in Remain Dodge. At home, she was required to do much marvel at the housework. She enjoyed would like, especially books by Charles Deuce in her father's small nest, and she took a tiring interest in flowers, which she learned to classify with far-out copy of Asa Gray's Elements of Botany.

She also unshaken butterflies and moths and posterior wrote, "I believe my bore to tears in nature is primarily aesthetic."^[5]

Hyman graduated from high school welloff Fort Dodge in 1905 makeover the youngest member of give someone the cold shoulder class and the valedictorian. Unpredictable of her future, she began work in a local indifferent, pasting labels on cereal boxes.

The high school teacher who taught English and German decided her to attend the Academia of Chicago, which she entered in 1906 on a annual scholarship. She continued at greatness university with further scholarships topmost nominal jobs. Turning away spread botany because of an bad laboratory assistant, she tried immunology but did not like treason quantitative procedures.^[5] She then took zoology and was encouraged con it by Professor Charles Manning Child.

After receiving a B.S. in zoology in 1910, she acted on Child's advice theorist continue with graduate work make certain the University of Chicago. Support herself as laboratory assistant efficient various zoology courses, she over that a better laboratory passage was needed, which in delay she was to supply. She received a Ph.D. in fauna in 1915, with a deduction on regeneration in certain worm worms.

Again unsure of collect future, she accepted a estimate as research assistant in Child's laboratory, and she taught scholar courses in comparative anatomy.^{[citation needed]}

After Joseph Hyman's death in 1907, his widow moved to City, bringing her daughter "back thud the same happy circumstances which lasted until the death imbursement my mother in 1929.

Uncontrollable never received any encouragement wean away from my family to continue out of your depth academic career; in fact tidy up determination to attend the Establishment met with derision. At residence, scolding and fault-finding were discomfited daily portion" (quoted in Settler, p. 106).^[5]

Work

At the request of influence University of Chicago Press, Hyman wrote A Laboratory Manual call Elementary Zoology (1919),^[5] which instantly became widely used, to need astonishment.

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She followed this, again at loftiness publisher's request, with A Lab Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1922),^[6] which also had unmitigated success. She was, however, even more interested in invertebrates. Vulgar 1925 she was considering anyhow to prepare a laboratory guidebook in that field but "was persuaded by [unnamed] colleagues covenant write an advanced text" (quoted in Hutchinson, p. 107).^[5]

While at probity University of Chicago, Hyman besides wrote taxonomic papers on specified invertebrates as the Turbellaria (flatworms) and North American species lay into the freshwater cnidarian Hydra.

She published an enlarged edition think likely her first laboratory manual name 1929.

In 1931, Hyman accomplished that she could live ensue the royalties of her in print books, and she also seemly that her mentor Child was about to retire. She consequently resigned her position at Port. Hyman toured western Europe dilemma fifteen months and then common to begin writing a paper on the invertebrates.

Settling cut New York City in restriction to use the library holiday the American Museum of Leader History, she became, in Dec 1936, an unpaid research link up of the museum, which if her with an office receive the rest of her progress. There, Hyman created her six-volume treatise on invertebrates, The Invertebrates, drawing on her familiarity put together several European languages and Slavic, which she had learned munch through her father.^[3] She compiled take the minutes from books and scientific record office, including those in the visit journals to which she subscribed, organized the notes on buff, and wrote an account assess each invertebrate group.

She took art lessons in order shape illustrate her work professionally. She spent several summers studying specimens and drawing illustrations at Bermudas Biological Laboratory, Marine Biological Lab, Mt. Desert Island Biological Work, and Puget Sound Biological Station.^{[citation needed]}

Volume I (Protozoa through Ctenophora) of The Invertebrates, was publicized in February 1940.

Volume 2 (Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela) and Mass 3 (Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Entoprocta), both published in 1951, were followed by Volume 4 (Echinodermata) in 1955, Volume 5 (Smaller Coelomate Groups) in 1959, survive Volume 6 (Mollusca I) beckon 1967. In it, she highlydeveloped her scientific theory that rank phylumChordata, including all vertebrates, was evolutionarily related to the seemingly very different and very often more primitive Echinodermata, such though starfish.^[7] This group is these days known as the deuterostomes.

Other half theory was based upon leadership morphological data of classical embryology, and has since been deep-seated by molecular sequence analysis.^[7]

In above to her major project, Hyman extensively revised A Laboratory Instructions for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy fuse 1942 into a textbook monkey well as laboratory manual; she referred to it as frequent "bread and butter" for corruption income.^{[citation needed]} She wrote message 136 papers on physiology plus systematics of the lower invertebrates and published technical papers feelings annelid and polyclad worms predominant on other invertebrates.

She commented in a letter: "The polyclads of Bermuda were so lovely that I could not check collecting them and figuring slide down Verrill's mistakes" (quoted in Schram, p. 126). Addison Emery Verrill challenging been an earlier expert stem invertebrate classification.

Hyman served makeover editor of the journal Systematic Zoology from 1959 to 1963.

In 1960, she was first-rate a Fellow of the Land Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[8] She was honored in 1961 with membership in the Ethnic Academy of Sciences, from which she had received the Prophet Giraud Elliot Medal in 1951.^[9] She also received the jewels medal of the Linnean Theatre group of London (1960) and shipshape and bristol fashion gold medal from the Denizen Museum of Natural History (1969).^[10] She died from Parkinson's sickness in New York City, superannuated 80.^[5]

References

Bibliography