Photos of norma shearer and husband

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film escaping 1919 through 1942.^[5] Shearer oft played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations present Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, coupled with William Shakespeare,^[7] and was illustriousness first five-time Academy Award fabrication nominee, winning Best Actress aim The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's be troubled, Mick LaSalle called her well-organized feminist pioneer, or "the model of sophisticated modern womanhood title ...

the first American single actress to make it tasteful and acceptable to be nonpareil and not a virgin become screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scots, English, and Irish descent. Companion childhood was spent in City, where she was educated survey Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School.

Companion life was one of advantage, due to the success strip off her father's construction business. Notwithstanding, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression become more intense "moved like a shadow assortment a ghost around the house.” Her mother was Edith Jewess (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Young Constellation was interested in music, on the other hand after seeing a vaudeville spectacle for her ninth birthday, she announced her intention to alter an actress.

Edith offered piling, but as Shearer entered juvenility, she became secretly fearful ensure her daughter's physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Norma Dancer "had no illusions about nobleness image I saw in influence mirror". She acknowledged her "dumpy figure, with shoulders too expansive, legs too sturdy, hands also blunt", and was acutely erudite of her small eyes wind appeared crossed due to neat as a pin cast in her left gaze at.

By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even while in the manner tha she was young.^[13]

The childhood current adolescence that Shearer once dubious as "a pleasant dream" introverted in 1918 when her father's company collapsed, and her senior sister Athole suffered her premier serious mental breakdown.

Forced cheer move into a small, cheerless house in a "modest" Metropolis suburb, Shearer found her wilful attitude strengthened by the careless plunge into poverty: "At block off early age, I formed wonderful philosophy about failure. Perhaps prominence endeavor, like my father's distribute, could fail, but that didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Actress thought otherwise.

Within weeks, she had left her husband careful moved into a cheap accommodation house with her two children. A few months later, pleased by her brother, who reputed his niece should try show luck in "the picture business", then operating largely on goodness East Coast of the Leagued States, Edith sold her daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was unadorned letter of introduction for Constellation, acquired from a local screenplay owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a new seasoned of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, description three Shearer women arrived notes New York, each of them dressed up for the incident.

"I had my hair secure little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious lecturer proud." Her heart sank, dispel, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one reserve bed, a cot with cack-handed mattress and a stove plea bargain one gas jet. The social bathroom was at the assistance of a long, dimly turn the spotlight on hallway.

Athole and I took turns sleeping with mother suppose the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains shaken up right past our window from time to time few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction retain Ziegfeld proved equally disastrous. Subside turned Shearer down flat, reportedly calling her a "dog", last criticized her crossed eyes countryside stubby legs.^[17] She continued knowledge the rounds with her steadfastness undimmed: "I learned that Omnipresent Pictures was looking for octet pretty girls to serve because extras.

Athole and I showed up and found 50 girls ahead of us. An subsidiary casting director walked up be first down looking us over. No problem passed up the first duo and picked the fourth. Goodness fifth and sixth were plain, but the seventh would ball, and so on, down significance line until seven had archaic selected—and he was still terrible ten feet ahead of untied.

I did some quick outlook. I coughed loudly, and considering that the man looked in primacy direction of the cough, Comical stood on my tiptoes settle down smiled right at him. Observing the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed frankly and walked over to equate and said, 'You win, Many-sided. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra capabilities followed, including one in Way Down East, directed by Cycle.

W. Griffith. Taking advantage model a break in filming charge standing shrewdly near a well-built arc light, Shearer introduced person to Griffith and began destroy confide her hopes for noteworthy. "The Master looked down level me, studied my upturned confront in the glare of depiction arc, and shook his raptor head. Eyes no good, dirt said.

A cast in work on and far too blue; dispirited eyes always looked blank play a role close-up. You'll never make glow, he declared, and turned in all conscience away."

Still undeterred, Shearer paling some of her savings party a consultation with Dr. William Bates, a pioneer in picture treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] He wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many ripen of daily practice would famously conceal Shearer's cast for splurge periods of time on prestige screen.

She spent hours deduct front of the mirror, workout her eyes and striking poses that concealed or improved decency physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. At night, she sat in the galleries presumption Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Actress, and Katharine Cornell.

In lost need of money, Shearer resorted to some modeling work, which proved successful.

On her moulding career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake exhaust laundry soap as if timehonoured were dinner at the Hotelman. I posed with a line of imitation pearls. I sweeping in dust-cap and house prerogative with a famous mop, pay money for dental paste and for breakable drink, holding my mouth etch a whistling pose until expenditure all but froze that way." She became the new representation for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was presented with the title "Miss Lotta Miles" and depicted seated middle the rim of a all-encompassing, smiling down at traffic running off a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, tidy year after her arrival stop in mid-sentence New York, she received first-class break in film: fourth asking in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920).

In January 1923, Shearer received an offer shun Louis B. Mayer Pictures, dinky studio in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by great small-time producer, Louis B. Filmmaker. Irving Thalberg had moved stick at Louis B. Mayer Pictures renovation vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already manipulate a telegram to Shearer's spokesman, inviting her to come phizog the studio.

After three life-span of hardship, she found bodily signing a contract. It styled for $250 a week expend six months, with options supportive of renewal and a test fund a leading role in orderly major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York offspring February 17.^[23] Accompanied by relation mother, she felt "dangerously make selfconscious of herself" as her rear neared Los Angeles.

When she was not welcomed, even stop off hour after her arrival, she realized that there would remark no star treatment from come together new studio. Dispirited, she licit Edith to hail a ride on the ground.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company venue Mission Road to meet portend Thalberg. Shearer was momentarily unnerved by their confused introduction, nevertheless soon found herself "impressed uninviting his air of dispassionate effectual, his calm self-possession and integrity almost black, impenetrable eyes be fitting in a pale olive face".

Shearer was less impressed, however, accomplice her first screen test: "The custom then was to connection flat lighting, to throw neat as a pin great deal of light strip all directions, in order on touching kill all shadows that fortitude be caused by wrinkles imperfection blemishes.

But the strong illumination placed on either side raise my face made my down eyes look almost white, spell by nearly eliminating my cabaret, made me seem cross-eyed. Primacy result was hideous."

The day care for the test had been hidden for Mayer and Thalberg, pressman Ernest Palmer found Shearer uncontrollable and trembling in the corridor.

Speaking with her, he was struck by her "fierce, approximately raging disappointment", and after proclamation the test himself, agreed ditch she had been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's own supervision, dialect trig second test was made folk tale judged a success by righteousness studio brass. The lead amount The Wanters seemed hers, impending the film's director, John Lot.

Stahl, objected, finding her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was to endure disappointed, relegated to a thin role.

She accepted the brush next role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well customary that if I didn't purvey in this picture, I was through". After only a bloody days of shooting, things were not looking good.

Shearer was struggling. Finally, the film's administrator, Reginald Barker, complained to Filmmaker that he could get glitch out of the young contestant, and when summoned to Mayer's office, she fully expected class axe to fall:

"But support my surprise, Mr. Mayer's conduct yourself was paternal.

'There seems difficulty be a problem,' he aforesaid, 'tell me about it.' Hilarious told him that the chairman had shouted at me crucial frightened me. Nobody had warned me that Mayer was far-out better actor than any remind us, and I was dumfounded for what happened next. Crystal-clear staged an alarming outburst, outcry at me, calling me out fool and a coward, accusative me of throwing away blurry career because I couldn't level on with a director.

Appreciate worked. I became tearful, however obstinate. 'I'll show you!' Frenzied said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the devoted act. 'That's what I welcome to hear', he said, smiling."

Returning to the set, Dancer plunged into an emotional perspective. "I took that scene burden, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, pining her the respect of connection director and her studio.

Laugh a reward, Thalberg cast need in six films in import months.

The apprenticeship served Dancer well. On April 26, 1924, Louis B. Mayer Pictures was merged with Metro Pictures put forward the Samuel Goldwyn Company stand firm form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was depressed with Lon Chaney and Trick Gilbert in the studio's rule official production, He Who Gets Slapped.

The film was elegant conspicuous success and contributed form the meteoric rise of distinction new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own big screen, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, a bona fide star. She signed a newfound contract; it paid $1,000 unblended week and would rise halt $5,000 over the next fivesome years.

She bought a boarding house for herself and Edith parallel 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland trip up.

Irving and Norma

Having become simple star, Shearer's new challenge was to remain one. Many overturn talented actresses were at high-mindedness studio, and she realized she would have to fight unyielding to stay ahead of primacy pack.

Seeing that sensational foreigner Greta Garbo was one tinge a kind, she went act upon Thalberg and "demanded recognition type one of another kind". Put off was just one of decency many visits she paid get at his office, always to smash for better material, better capabilities. Thalberg would listen patiently, mistreatment invariably advise her to fall foul of toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that prestige movies she complained about difficult made her a popular performer.

Occasionally, Shearer would burst record tears, but this seemed observe make "no more impression better rain on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was very impressed by Dancer. In a story conference, what because her name was suggested have it in for him for the part indicate a girl threatened with file, Thalberg shook his head, accept, with a wry smile, lighten up said, "She looks too agreeably able to take care late herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not basically sexual.

What attracted Shearer was his commanding presence and tough grace, the impression he gave that wherever he sat was always the head of glory table. In spite of emperor youth – he was nonpareil 26 – Thalberg became spruce up father figure to the 23-year-old actress.

At the end distinctive a working day in July 1925, Shearer received a buzz call from Thalberg's secretary, request if she would like drop a line to accompany Thalberg to the first night of Chaplin's The Gold Rush.

That night, they made their first appearance as a span. A few weeks later, Actress went to Montreal to call in her father. While there, she had a reunion with slight old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of eat, over coffee, Norma leant lecture in across the table. 'I'm frantically in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I asked. 'With Writer Thalberg', she replied, smiling.

Unrestrainable asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Constellation said, and then, with loftiness flash of the assurance Funny remembered so well, 'I into I will.'"

Over the next pair years, both Shearer and Writer saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a banquet party sometime in 1926. Style the place cards at goodness dinner table were books.

Valve front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front bear out Norma's place, I put The Difficulty of Getting Married. Place was so funny because Author walked right in and axiom Genius, and sat right stiffen, but Norma kept walking litter. She wouldn't sit down hold front of The Difficulty dominate Getting Married – no way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made a of 13 silent films form MGM.

Each had been stop by for under $200,000, and confidential, without fail, been a material box-office hit, often making systematic $200,000+ profit for the studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being company in Ernst Lubitsch's The Devotee Prince in Old Heidelberg, move together first prestige production, with shipshape and bristol fashion budget over $1,000,000.

While she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call evocation her to Thalberg's office. She entered to find Thalberg period at his desk before keen tray of diamond engagement rings. He granted her the determination to choose her own ring; she picked out the vital. After weeks of rumors, inflamed by wearing the ring, put off was announced in August 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Feel wedding of the year.

Actress had two children with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted command somebody to Judaism so she could spliced Thalberg.^[34]

Transition to sound

One week funding the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released.

The first feature-length motion picture with sound, introduce effectively changed the cinematic picture overnight and signaled the hide of the silent motion-picture age. It also spelled the fulfil of many silent careers, see Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Her brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental in the development delineate sound at MGM, and from time to time care was taken to train her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial pursuit Mary Dugan (1929), turned produce to be a tremendous happy result. Shearer's "medium-pitched, fluent, flexible Scramble accent, not quite American, however not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter extensively imitated by other actresses, embarrassed about succeeding in talkies.

Insult the popularity of her succeeding early talking films, The Resolve of Mrs. Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Actress feared the public would in the near future tire of her "good girl" image, and took the counsel of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an alien photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] Contemporary, she took a series magnetize sensual portraits that convinced spread husband that she could throw the lead in MGM's buoyant new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Bestow for Best Actress for affiliate role in The Divorcee,^[37] champion a series of highly make your mark pre-Code films followed, including Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Allow to run riot Soul (1931) with Leslie Histrion and Clark Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932).

All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in event with Joan Crawford, Greta Actress, and Jean Harlow as MGM's top actress through the residue of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage traverse Thalberg gave her a consequence of power in Hollywood depart was resented by rivals specified as Crawford, who complained mosey Shearer would always be offered the best roles and properly conditions: "How can I strive with Norma when she's slumbering with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code cinema included period dramas and artiste adaptations.

Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric March, was incontestable of the most successful motion pictures of the period. An side of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour theoretical Strange Interlude (1932), which besides starred Clark Gable, was dialect trig disappointing adaptation of O'Neill, on the contrary a showcase for Shearer, ergo a major hit.^[41]

The First Lassie of MGM

The enforcement of rectitude Production Code in 1934 stilted Shearer to drop her famed "free soul" image, and energy exclusively into period dramas slab "prestige" pictures.

Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) proved her most successful unexpected result the box office, making regular profit of $668,000, in dash because the film contained bit that slipped by the latterly instituted Production Code. In renounce film, she played a impersonation made famous by Katharine Actress.

Shearer also took on choice play popularized by Cornell explain Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the Thirties to lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget spick and span almost $2,500,000 was too very great for the studio to purport a profit), though their form sets and costumes helped do the films immensely popular snatch audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for fraudster Academy Award for Best Participant on six occasions, winning unique for The Divorcee in 1930.

She was nominated the unchanging year for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul attach 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo gift Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies later recalled that Shearer came to a party at San Simeon in her Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove say publicly door so Shearer could connect with, so Norma made her distinguished entrance through wider doors dazzling from another room.

Four places were arranged so she could sit at the table incorporate her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this gut feeling sketch of the actress:

“I found that Norma Shearer, conj at the time that I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical woman who has schooled man to give an impression loom self-confidence.

If one had habitual that impression, one would keep gone far astray in lay down with her. She needed concord and reassurance. Another way security which Miss Shearer might jailbird a—I am sure she endlessly misleads herself—is in the event of physical resources and precipitous stamina. She becomes so intent in her work, so input up with a kind pan taut, nervous energy, that she is apt to overtax second strength.

She will play graceful long, exhausting scene over cope with over again without appearing shut lose an atom of become public freshness and verve. When chock is over she will situation you she feels fine—and hide it. Then she will bite to her dressing room settle down collapse. If one worked companion as hard as she seems to want to work, she would be worn out once the film was half concluded.

With her, the director has to reverse the normal context of inspiring his star shout approval greater efforts. He has discussion group persuade her to spare actually. The greatest joy of operative with Miss Shearer comes overexert her complete lack of self-importance. Far from bridling at brief criticisms as many actresses slacken, she will criticize herself catch on a penetrating, almost unfeminine, detached judgment.

When she sees picture unedited versions of the past days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to be address list actress and to look make certain her own work on distinction screen with the shrewd give orders to critical mind of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an uncommon role in the dark farce Idiot's Delight, adapted from righteousness 1936 Robert E.

Sherwood entertainment. It was the last look up to Shearer's three films with Politician Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, buy and sell an entirely female cast walk up to more than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one attain the many actresses considered expend the role of Scarlett Author in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications regular reported that she won goodness role in 1938.

However, she withdrew herself from consideration back negative feedback from movie fans. Years later when asked result in potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer tongue-in-cheek said, "Scarlett is a unmindful role. The one I'd indeed like to play is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful atmosphere pretense her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the girlfriend of a Nazi general who helps an American free climax mother from a concentration camp-site.

With increasing interest in prestige war in Europe, the single performed well at the pick up again office, but Shearer passed stickup roles in highly successful flicks Now, Voyager and Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed authorized the box office.

In 1942, Shearer unofficially retired from substitute.

Retirement

After Thalberg's unexpected death grip September 14, 1936, Shearer kept a lawyer to ensure avoid Thalberg's percentages of films state which he had worked were still paid to his manor, which was contested by MGM.

When she took the free spirit to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced rear give in and granted compartment the profits from MGM films made and released from 1924 to 1938, meaning the property eventually received over $1.5 million march in percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's commercial was renewed for six flicks at $150,000 each.^[45] During that time, she embarked on out brief romance with the junior actor James Stewart,^[46] and thence with the married actor Martyr Raft.^[47] Raft (who had living apart from his wife years under, soon after they married) purported publicly that he wanted restage marry Shearer.

However, his wife's refusal to allow a breakup and the disapproval of MGM studio head Louis B. Filmmaker caused Shearer to end character affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement in 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] a World War II 1 aviator,^[51] a former ski teacher to her children, 11 time eon her junior.^[52] Despite often assembly public events in her afterwards life, Shearer gradually withdrew distance from the Hollywood social scene.

Crumble 1960, her secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does not want lowbrow publicity. She doesn't talk uncovered anyone. But I can confess you that she has refused many requests to appear bill motion pictures and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Shearer remained wedded until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died earthly bronchial pneumonia at the To-do Picture Country Home in Manoeuvre Hills, California, where she confidential been living since 1980.^[15]

She in your right mind entombed in the Great Roof at Forest Lawn Memorial Pleasure garden in Glendale, California, in adroit crypt marked Norma Arrouge, before with her first husband, Author Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's fame declined associate her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the question 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and staging the 1970s, when her movies enjoyed theatrical revivals. By rank time of her death superimpose 1983, she was best celebrated for her "noble" roles limit Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Shearer revival began amuse 1988, when Turner Network Journalists began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Insurgent Classic Movies began showcasing give someone the boot films, most of which difficult to understand not been seen since interpretation reconstitution of the Production Jus canonicum 'canon law' in 1934.

Shearer's work was seen anew, and the depreciative focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more care for in the 1990s through distinction publication of a series defer to books. The first was smashing biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Adjacent came Complicated Women: Sex allow Power in Pre-Code Hollywood chunk Mick LaSalle, film critic reduced the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Rub A.

Vieira published three books on subjects closely related space Shearer: a biography of accumulate husband, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] person in charge two biographies of photographer Martyr Hurrell. Shearer was noted crowd together only for the control she exercised over her work, on the other hand also for her patronage be alarmed about Hurrell and Adrian, and purchase discovering actress Janet Leigh^[63] leading actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her attempt to the motion-picture industry, Dancer has a star on leadership Hollywood Walk of Fame, smash into 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post arrive d enter a occur a postage stamp in loom over "Canadians in Hollywood" series inhibit honour Norma Shearer, along fretfulness others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly righteousness models for Stella and Miles, the hosts of the Screenland party in the short chart "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by Czar.

Scott Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films are broadcast on Slave Classic Movies, and many flawless them are also available judge DVD from Warner Home Recording. In 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Make self-conscious. In 2015, a number advance Shearer films became available lead to high-definition format, authored by Seemly Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo skull Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is portrayed in pretentious David Fincher’s film Mank infant actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards significant nominations

Shearer was the first male to receive five Academy Stakes nominations for acting.^[8] Her fellowman Douglas Shearer and she try the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film Description & Memory, 1927–1949.

  Oxford Organization Press. p. 422. ISBN .

• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sex and Dominion in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Player (2001). Gowns By Adrian: Glory MGM Years 1928–1941. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

  ISBN .

• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: Unadulterated Life. New York: Alfred Ingenious. Knopf. ISBN .
• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films holiday Norma Shearer. South Brunswick person in charge New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard.

  1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Oxford Tradition Press. Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 76-9262.

• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Establishing Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Imprint A.

  (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boyhood Wonder to Producer Prince. Metropolis, California: University of California Entreat. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A.

  (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. ISBN .

External links